Nanotechnology relies on standards through at least three concepts:
1. Documentary standards define agreed-upon terminology or standard language for a field of science, engineering, or technology; they are agreed-upon means for conducting measurements; agreed-upon performance characteristics of instruments or commercial products; and particularly, they are documented agreements on means to facilitate trade and commerce.
2. Standards often refer to standard reference materials, materials that are certified by a national standards laboratory to have specified characteristics traceable to an international system of the fundamental system of physical units of measurement.
3. Standards generally refer to the fundamental physical realization of the units of measurement defined in the International System of Units (SI).
1. Documentary standards define agreed-upon terminology or standard language for a field of science, engineering, or technology; they are agreed-upon means for conducting measurements; agreed-upon performance characteristics of instruments or commercial products; and particularly, they are documented agreements on means to facilitate trade and commerce.
2. Standards often refer to standard reference materials, materials that are certified by a national standards laboratory to have specified characteristics traceable to an international system of the fundamental system of physical units of measurement.
3. Standards generally refer to the fundamental physical realization of the units of measurement defined in the International System of Units (SI).
The SI's base units of standards are widely accepted in science and technology and set measurement standards agreed to through the Convention of the Meter, a diplomatic treaty between fifty-four nations. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), located in Sèvres near Paris, France, has the task of ensuring world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the SI basic units.
There are seven base quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Although these seven quantities are by convention regarded as independent, their respective base units—the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela—are in a number of instances interdependent. In nanotechnology all the base units have relevance to the instruments used and the measurements performed by researchers in academia, government, and industry. These base units also form the foundation for commerce and business. In particular, the unit of length at the nanoscale, the nanometer, is derived from the base unit meter by subdividing the meter by a factor of one billion. Another unit derived from the base units that is of particular use in nanotechnology is the unit of force, the Newton. The force exerted by the cantilevers used in atomic force microscopes is typically specified in terms of nanoNewtons or one-billionth of a Newton. (For reference, a Newton is force about equal to the weight of an apple.)
The SI globally accepted nanotechnology standards are vital to continued progress in the field’s research and development, and for safe, secure, and responsible commercialization of nanotechnology in the years ahead. Standards are important to businesses, consumers, and researchers.